---------- Patterns 0 -- Miscellaneous ---------- (1) Desire ==> first person, question to second person: hoshii, -tai, -taggate Kuruma ga hoshii desu. <== I want a car. Kuruma o kaitai desu. <== I want to buy a car. Sono hon ga hoshii desu. <== I want that book. Sono hon o yomitai desu. <== I want to read that book. ==> third person: hoshigatte imasu, V-stem + tagatte imasu ==> the object takes ga for hoshii and o for hoshigatte imasu ==> -tai is not normally used to ones superior Ani wa kamera o hoshigatte imasu. <== My brother wants a camera. Ken wa kono eiga o mitagatte imasu. <== Ken wants to watch this movie. (2) Simple command V-stem + nasai Tabenasai! <== Eat! Minasai! <== Look! Yominasai! <== Read it! Iinasai! <== Tell me! Suwarinasai! <== Sit down! Koko ni kinasai! <== Come here! (3) Probably -nai deshoo <== probably will not do V V deshoo <== probably will do V (4) Must do V-nai stem } } nakucha ikemasen V-nai } Shigoto o shinakucha ikemasen. <== I have to work. Kurasu no ato de nani o shinakucha ikemasenka. <== After class, what do you have to do? (5) While V-stem + nagara + V ==> the first verb is the main part of the sentence Gohan o tabe nagara terebi o mimasu. Unten shi nagara denwa o shite wa ikemasen. <== Using the phone while driving is forbidden. Utai nagara odoremasu. <== I can dance while I sing. (6) Try V-te + miru Kitemiru. <== Try to wear. Tabetemiru. <== Try to eat. Yondemiru. <== Try to read. Kiitemiru. <== Try to listen. Kitemite mo ii desuka. <== Can I try to wear (this dress)? Nani o shite mitai desuka. <== What do you want to try to do (there)? Tahiti de nani o shite mitakatta desuka. <== What did you want to try to do in Tahiti? Scuba diving o shite mitakatta desu. <== I wanted to try scuba diving. (7) Negative conditional V-nai-stem + nakereba ==> what will happen if something doesn't happen Ojii-san wa sugu kaeranakereba watashi wa makudonarudo ni ikimasu. <== If Grandpa doesn't return soon I'm going to McDonald's. Miki wa heya o tsukawanakereba Junko wa tsukaitai desu. <== If Miki isn't going to use the room Junko wants to use it. Naoko wa kasa o karinakereba (kanojo wa) kookai suru deshoo. <== If Naoko doesn't borrow an umbrella she'll probably regret it. (8) Present perfect, simple V-plain-past + koto ga arimasu V-plain-past + koto ga arimasuka ==> have done, have done? Itta koto ga arimasu. <== I have gone before. Yonda koto ga arimasu ka? <== Have you ever read? ^^^^ This form slightly focuses on EVER. ->->^ (9) Present perfect, advanced (looks like present progressive) V-te + iru ==> have done Mada Amerika ni modotte inai. <== Has not yet returned to America. Ano eiga o mite iru? <== Have you seen that movie? Te o aratte iru? <== Washed your hands? Why? Eiga o mite iru? <== The movie exists (now). ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Eiga o mite iru? <== The movie exists (now) (and) been seen. 10) Past perfect V-te + ita ==> had done Benkyoo shite ita. <== Had studied. Why? Benkyoo shite ita. <== Studying existed. ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Benkyoo shite ita. <== Studying did (then) exist(ed). ---------- Patterns 1 -- Japanese Made Easy (Monane) ---------- (1) NOUN o / kudasai. Please give me NOUN. Kokoa o kudasai. (1a) NOUN to NOUN o / kudasai. Please give me NOUN and NOUN. Aisukuriimu to kokoa o kudasai. NOUN to NOUN to NOUN o / kudasai. Please give me NOUN, NOUN, and NOUN Pai to aisukuriimu to kokoa o kudasai. (1b) Kore o / kudasai. Please give this to me. Sore o / kudasai. Please give it to me. Are o / kudasai. Please give that to me. Kono NOUN o / kudasai. Please give me this NOUN. Sono NOUN o / kudasai. Please give me the NOUN. Ano NOUN o / kudasai. Please give me that NOUN. (2) NOUN ga / VERB-INFINITIVE + -tai desu. I'd like to VERB NOUN. (2a) NOUN ga / VERB-INFINITIVE + -tai desu ka? Would you like to VERB NOUN? (2b) Nani ga / VERB-INFINITIVE + -tai desu ka? What would you like to VERB? Dore ga / VERB-INFINITIVE + -tai desu ka? Which one would you like to VERB? (2c) Nani to nani ga / VERB-INFINITIVE + -tai desu ka? What things would you like to VERB? Dore to dore ga / VERB-INFINITIVE + -tai desu ka? Which things would you like to VERB? (3) PLACE e / ikitai desu. I'd like to go to PLACE. (3a) PLACE e / ikitai desu ka? Would you like to go to PLACE? (3b) Doko e / ikitai desu ka? Where would you like to go? (3c) Doko to doko e / ikitai desu ka? To what places would you like to go? (4) Hai (Ee) / VERB-INFINITIVE + -tai desu. Yes, I'd like to VERB. (5) Iie / VERB-INFINITIVE + -taku arimasen. No, I wouldn't like to VERB. (6) (Chotto sumimasen ga) / PLACE wa / doko desu ka? (Excuse me, but) where is PLACE? (Chotto sumimasen ga) / PLACE wa / dochira desu ka? (Excuse me, but) which way is PLACE? (7) NOUN-OF-DIRECTION desu. It's NOUN-OF-DIRECTION. NOUN-OF-DIRECTION: Koko Here Soko There Asoko Over there Kochira (kotchi) This way Sochira (sotchi) Toward you Achira (atchi) Over that way (8) Kore wa / nan desu ka? What is this? Sore wa / nan desu ka? What is it? Are wa / nan desu ka? What is that? (8a) Kore wa / NOUN desu ka? Is this NOUN? Sore wa / NOUN desu ka? Is it NOUN? Are wa / NOUN desu ka? Is that NOUN? (8b) PERSON wa / NOUN desu ka? Is PERSON a NOUN? PERSON no PERSON wa / NOUN desu ka? Is PERSON (of PERSON) a NOUN? (9) Kore wa / NOUN desu. This is (These are) NOUN. Sore wa / NOUN desu. It is (They are) NOUN. Are wa / NOUN desu. That is (Those are) NOUN. (10) Kore wa NOUN ja arimasen. Kore wa NOUN de wa arimasen. This isn't NOUN. Sore wa NOUN ja arimasen. Sore wa NOUN de wa arimasen. It isn't NOUN. Are wa NOUN ja arimasen. Are wa NOUN de wa arimasen. That isn't NOUN. (11) Hai (Ee) / soo desu. Yes it is (they are). (12) Iie / soo ja arimasen. Iie / soo de wa arimasen. No, it isn't (they aren't). (13) VERB-INFINITIVE + -mashoo. Let's VERB. (14) NOUN o / VERB-INFINITIVE + -mashoo. Let's VERB NOUN. (14a) NOUN o / VERB-INFINITIVE + -mashoo ka? Shall we VERB NOUN? (14b) Nani o / VERB-INFINITIVE + mashoo ka? What shall we VERB? Dore o / VERB-INFINITIVE + mashoo ka? Which one shall we VERB? (15) PLACE e / ikimashoo. Let's go to PLACE. (15a) PLACE e / ikimashoo ka? Shall we go to PLACE? NOUN e / ikimashoo ka? Shall we go to NOUN? (15b) Doko e / ikimashoo ka? Where shall we go? (16) ADJECTIVE desu. It is ADJECTIVE. (16a) TOPIC wa ADJECTIVE desu. TOPIC is ADJECTIVE. (17) ADJECTIVE NOUN desu. It's a ADJECTIVE NOUN. (17a) TOPIC wa ADJECTIVE NOUN desu. TOPIC is a ADJECTIVE NOUN. (18) ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE desu. It's ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE. TOPIC wa / ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE desu. TOPIC is ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE. ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE (descriptive nouns): Suki == fond Kirai == not fond Joozu == good at Heta == not good at ... (18a) TOPIC wa / NOUN ga / suki desu. TOPIC is fond of NOUN. TOPIC wa / NOUN ga / kirai desu. TOPIC is not fond of NOUN. TOPIC wa / NOUN ga / joozu desu. TOPIC is good at NOUN. TOPIC wa / NOUN ga / heta desu. TOPIC is not good at NOUN. PERSON wa / NOUN ga / suki desu. PERSON is fond of NOUN. PERSON wa / NOUN ga / kirai desu. PERSON is not fond of NOUN. PERSON wa / NOUN ga / joozu desu. PERSON is good at NOUN. PERSON wa / NOUN ga / heta desu. PERSON is not good at NOUN. (18b) TOPIC wa / nani ga / suki desu ka? What is TOPIC fond of? TOPIC wa / nani ga / kirai desu ka? What is TOPIC not fond of? TOPIC wa / nani ga / joozu desu ka? What is TOPIC good at? TOPIC wa / nani ga / heta desu ka? What is TOPIC not good at? PERSON wa / nani ga / suki desu ka? What is PERSON fond of? PERSON wa / nani ga / kirai desu ka? What is PERSON not fond of? PERSON wa / nani ga / joozu desu ka? What is PERSON good at? PERSON wa / nani ga / heta desu ka? What is PERSON not good at? (19) ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE na NOUN desu. It's a ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE NOUN. TOPIC wa / ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE na NOUN desu. TOPIC is a ADJECTIVAL-NOMINATIVE NOUN. (20) TOPIC wa / ikura desu ka? How much is TOPIC. (TOPIC wa) / AMOUNT desu. It's AMOUNT. (21) TYPE-OF-TICKET / QUANTITY-mai (kudasai). (Please give me) QUANTITY TYPE-OF-TICKET. (21a) DESTINATION / TYPE-OF-TICKET / QUANTITY-mai (kudasai). (Please give me) QUANTITY TYPE-OF-TICKET to DESTINATION. (21b) ITEM o / QUANTITY-mai kudasai. Please give me QUANTITY ITEM. (22) Ima / nanji desu ka? What time is it now? TIME desu. It's TIME. (23) Nanji ni / NOUN ga / VERB-INFINITIVE + -tai desu ka? At what time would you like to VERB NOUN? Nanji ni / PLACE e / ikitai desu ka? At what time would you like to go to PLACE? (24) (Anato no) denwa bangoo wa / namban desu ka? What is your telephone number? Kyuu roku ichi no kyuu san ichi ichi desu. It's 961-9311. (25) VERB-INFINITIVE + -masu. I (will) do VERB. (26) VERB-INFINITIVE + -mashita. I did VERB. (27) VERB-INFINITIVE + -masen. I don't (won't) VERB. VERB-INFINITIVE + -masen deshita. I didn't VERB. (28) KIND-OF-FRUIT o / QUANTITY / kudasai. Please give me QUANTITY KIND-OF-FRUIT. (29) PLACE ni / PERSONS ga / nannin imasu ka? How many PERSONS are there in PLACE? (PLACE ni) / (PERSONS ga) / QUANTITY + -ri imasu. There are QUANTITY (PERSONS) (in PLACE). <== one or two persons (PLACE ni) / (PERSONS ga) / QUANTITY + -nin imasu. There are QUANTITY (PERSONS) (in PLACE). <== three or more persons COUNTERS: -ri == counter for one or two persons hitori futari -nin == counter for three or more persons sannin yonnin gonin ... (30) Doozo / VERB -te kudasai. Please VERB. (30a) (Kono) COLOR (no) NOUN o / misete kudasai. Please show me (this) COLOR NOUN. (Kono) COLOR NOUN o / misete kudasai. Please show me (this) COLOR NOUN. (30b) PLACE-NAME e / itte kudasai. Please go to PLACE-NAME. PLACE-NAME made / o-negai shimasu. Please go to PLACE-NAME. (30c) Dokoka / KIND-OF-PLACE o / oshiete kudasai. Please tell me of a KIND-OF-PLACE somewhere. (31) COLOR NOUN ga / arimasu ka? Do you have (Is there) a COLOR NOUN? (32) NOUN ga / wakarimasu ka? Do you understand NOUN? ---------- Patterns 2 -- Grammar notes (Smillie) ---------- (1) PLAIN-VERB kara ==> explanation REASON PLAIN-VERB + kara, EXPLANATION. Shinkansen de itta kara, jikan ga amari kakarimasen deshita. We went by Shinkansen, so it didn't take very long. REASON I-ADJECTIVE + kara, EXPLANATION. Shitsumon ga mada ooi kara, moo ichido setsumei shimashoo. There are still a lot of questions, so let me explain again. (2) PLAIN-VERB to omoimasu ==> what I think; opinion or feeling to omotte imasu ==> what someone else thinks; opinion or feeling o kangaeru ==> to consider o kangaete imashita ==> to consider OPINION-SENTENCE PLAIN-VERB(s) + to omoimasu. Takahashi san wa kimasen. Takahashi san wa konai to omoimasu. Ms. Takahashi is not coming. I don't think Ms. Takahashi is coming. OPINION-SENTENCE PLAIN-VERB(s) + to omotte imasu. Maiku san wa, Nihon wa ii kuni da to omotte imasu. Mike thinks that Japan is a great country. OPINION-SENTENCE PLAIN-VERB(s) + o kangaeru. OPINION-SENTENCE PLAIN-VERB(s) + o kangaete imashita. Chiimu no koto o kangaete imashita. I was thinking about the team. (3) PLAIN-VERB tsumori desu ==> intend to or will tsumori desu ka ==> INTENTION PLAIN-VERB + tsumori desu. INTENTION PLAIN-VERB + tsumori desu ka? Sore wa mondai desu ne. Doo suru tsumori desu ka? That's a problem, isn't it? What do you intend to do? (4) PLAIN-VERB koto ga dekimasu ==> able to, can koto ga arimasu ka ==> ABILITY PLAIN-VERB + koto ga dekimasu. ABILITY PLAIN-VERB + koto ga irimasu ka? (4a) PLAIN-PAST-VERB koto ga arimasu ka ==> have you ever ABILITY PLAIN-PAST-VERB + koto ga arimasu ka? Sashimi o tabeta koto ga arimasu ka. Have you ever eaten raw fish? (5) PLAIN-VERB no desu ==> explaining, asking for explanation, giving explanation EXPLANATION PLAIN-VERB + no desu. EXPLANATION PLAIN-VERB + n' desu. (6) PLAIN-VERB (if paraphrase) to iimasu ==> DIRECT-QUOTATION + to iimasu. Quotation. PARAPHRASE PLAIN-VERB + to iimasu. Paraphrase. (6a) PLAIN-VERB nan to iimasu ka ==> how do you say WORD wa nan to iimasu ka? "Autumn" wa Nihongo de nan to iimasu ka. "Aki" to iimasu. How do you say "autumn" in Japanese? It's "aki". (7) TE-VERB SENTENCE TE-VERB, SENTENCE TENSE-VERB. Joins sentences. Doyoobi no asa ni Tookyoo e itte, atarashii suutsu o kaimashita. On Saturday morning I went to Tokyo, and bought a new suit. (8) TE-VERB, NEGATIVE-TE-VERB mo ii desu ka ==> mo ii desu ==> wa ikemasen ==> PERMISSION TE-VERB + mo ii desu ka? Can I do it? PERMISSION NEGATIVE-TE-VERB + mo ii desu ka? Can I not do it? Kore o zenbu tabenakute mo ii desu ka? Is it alright if I don't eat all of this? PERMISSION TE-VERB + mo ii desu. You can do it. PERMISSION NEGATIVE-TE-VERB + mo ii desu. You can skip doing it. Hai, tabenakute mo ii desu yo. Yes, it's alright if you don't eat it. PROHIBITION TE-VERB + wa ikemasen. You can't do it. Sono heya ni haitte wa ikemasen. You musn't go into that room. (9) TE-VERB imasu ka ==> imasu ==> imasen ==> PROGRESSIVE-ACTION TE-VERB + imasu ka? PROGRESSIVE-ACTION TE-VERB + imasu. PROGRESSIVE-ACTION TE-VERB + imasen. Ima eigo o benkyoo shite imasen. I am not studying English now. (9a) TE-VERB imashita ==> imasen deshita ==> PAST-PROGRESSIVE-ACTION TE-VERB + imashita. Torako ga isu no ue de nete imashita. Torako was sleeping on the chair. PAST-PROGRESSIVE-ACTION TE-VERB + imasen deshita. Kinoo no ban watashi wa terebi o mite imasen deshita. I wasn't watching television last night. (10) CONDITIONAL-VERB, TE-VERB nakereba narimasen ==> nakute mo ii desu ==> REQUIREMENT nakereba narimasen. You must. Jiko shookai wa Nihongo de nakereba narimasen. Your self-introduction must be in Japanese. REQUIREMENT nakute mo ii desu. You must not. Kyoo owaranakute mo ii desu. You don't have to finish it today. (11) VERB-STEM hajimeru ==> starting an action hajimemashita ==> VERB-STEM + hajimeru Senshuu hon o yomi hajimemashita. I started reading the book last week. (12) VERB-STEM no ==> nominalizer (cannot be used in the predicate) koto ==> nominalizer VERB-STEM + no VERB-STEM + koto Watashi wa yomu no ga suki desu. I like reading. Miru koto wa shinjiru koto desu. Seeing is believing. ---------- Patterns 3 -- Japanese for Today (Gakken) ---------- (1) Identifying a thing or person ==> wa, mo, ka, hai, soo, iie, desu, dewa arimasen N1 wa N2 desu. <== N1 is N2. N1 wa N2 dewa arimasen. <== N1 is not N2. N1 mo N2 desu. <== N1 also is N2. N1 wa N2 desu ka? <== Is N1 N2? Hai, N2 desu. <== Yes, N1 is N2. Hai, soo desu. <== Yes, N1 is N2. Iie, soo dewa arimasen. <== No, N1 is not N2. (2) Demonstratives ================================================================= Nominal Prenominal Adjectival Adverbial thing place direction (1) (2) ----------------------------------------------------------------- I kore koko kochira kono konna konna-ni koo II sore soko sochira sono sonna sonna-ni soo III are asoko achira ano anna anna-ni aa IV dore doko dochira dono donna donna-ni doo ================================================================= I (ko series) -- whatever is near the 1st person (speaker) II (so series) -- whatever is near the 2nd person (listener) III (a- series) -- whatever is neither near the speaker of listener but known to both IV (do series) -- thing or state the speaker is unable to point at, locate, or describe; usually appears in questions (3) Interrogative nouns Kore wa hon desu. This is a book. ==> (nan generally precedes t-, d-, n-; nana elsewhere) Sore wa nan desu ka? What is that? Kare wa Yamada desu. He is Yamada. Kare wa dare desu ka? ==> donata is more polite than dare Kare wa donata desu ka? Who is he? Koko wa Ginza desu. This is Ginza. Koko wa doko desu ka? Where is this/where am I? (4) Connecting two nouns. N1 no N2. <== N1 of N2 ==> N2 sometimes omitted if understood N1 no desu. (5) Prenominal demonstratives: kono, sono, ano, dono Kono hana wa bara desu. This flower (here) is a rose. Ano hito wa Amerika-jin desu. That person (he) is an American. Yamada-san wa dono hito desu ka? Which person is Yamada? (6) Describing things -- adjectival predicates }A desu. N wa } }NA desu. }A desu ka? N wa } }NA desu ka? } A-ku nai desu. N wa } } NA dewa arimasen. ==> A and NA conjugate differently. ==> A -- indiginous Japanese adjective; end in -i in present affirmative ==> NA -- mostly Chinese words (7) Using A or NA as noun modifiers A } ==> oki kojo } + N. NA(-na) } ==> shizuka-na machi ==> ooki and chiisai are Japanese adjectives that sometimes take the -na form when used as prenominal modifiers ==> Foreign words used as adjectives conform to the NA pattern (8) Adjectival demonstratives (see table at #2) ==> such, or, like this/that konna + N sonna + N anna + N donna + N <== what kind of Donna machi desu ka? (9) Adverbial demonstratives (see table at #2) ==> expressing degree konna-ni + A sonna-ni + A anna-ni + A donna-ni + A konna-ni + NA sonna-ni + NA anna-ni + NA donna-ni + NA ==> used as adverbs but mainly to modify verbs to express manner Koo Soo Aa Doo Kore wa doo desu ka? (10) Adverbs of degree Taihen -- very Totemo -- very Taitei -- mostly Amari -- very (11) Sentence-final particles: ne, yo Ne -- exprecting the listener's agreement Yo -- calling for listener's particiular attention to the statement (12) Existence, location, and quantity } N-inanimate } } arimasu. (Location) } } ga (quantity) } } N-animate } } imasu. ==> ni denotes place and expresses the location of something } N-inanimate } } arimasu. (Location) ni } } ga (quantity) } } N-animate } } imasu. ==> when location or quantity of a particular thing is the focus... } arimasu. N wa (location) (quantity) } } imasu. (13) Relative position ==> ue, shita, mae, ushiro, naka, soto, hidari, migi } ue } } } <== on, over, above, on top of } shita } } } <== under, beneath, below } mae } } } <== in front of } ushiro } } } <== behind, at the back of N no } } ni } N } } naka } } } <== in, inside } soto } } } <== outside of } hidari } } } <== to the left of } migi } } } <== to the right of (14) Counting things or persons ============================================================================ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # # # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- J hito- futa- mi- yo(n)- itsu- mu- nana- ya- kokono- too- C itchi ni san shi go roku shichi hachi ku/kyuu juu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -hon -pon -bon -bon -pon -wa -ba -pa -pa ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -nin hito-ri futa-ri yo-nin ============================================================================ Counters (C + counter) -mai -- thin, flat objects (paper, plates, shirts) -hon -- long, slender objects (trees, pencils, chalk); h is replaced by p after 1, 6, and 10, and by b after 3 -satsu -- books -dai -- autos, bicycles, typewriters, tape recorders) -hiki -- small animals -wa --bird; -pa after 6 and 10, -ba after 3 -nin -- people; exceptions: one == hito-ri; two == futa-ri; four == yo-nin ==> abstract numbers take C numerals ==> J + -tsu -- counter for things not clearly categorized or shapeless; stones, cups, boxes, stars, ideas, problems (15) Noun-conjoining particles -- to and ya ==> exhaustive itemization N1 to N2 to N3... ==> non-exhaustive; among others N1 ya N2 ya N3... (16) Expressing actions or events -- verbal predicates ==> -masu -- actions or events that regularly or repeatedly take place or are to take place in the future; also can express the speaker's will when N is a 1st person noun ==> object, direction, place, time, and so forth are expressed in any order in the form N + P ==> N ga indicates N is the performer of an action or that which exists or undergoes a change (subject) ==> N ga or N o changes to N wa when N is the topic ==> wa may be attached to other N + P or adverbs when that part of the sentence is being contrasted with something else. } wa } N } } (time) (place) (direction) (object) V-masu. } ga } Watashi wa mai-asa roku-ji ni okimasu. N wa ... V-masu ka? N wa ... V-masen. (17) Direct object N o (+ V-transitive). (18) Point of time ==> at a time, on a day ==> Some adverbial N or N-phrases do not require ni (for example, kyoo and kon-shuu) N ni. (19) Direction ==> to, toward N e. (20) Starting and ending points ==> kara, made ==> from N kara. ==> until, up to, as far as ==> N made differs from N e in that N made V implies the action or event continues to the point of N while N e merely shows the physical direction something moves in; e cannot be attached to an N expressing time N made. Kyooto kara Oosaka made hashirimasu. Ku-ji kara juu-ji made hashirimasu. (21) Instrument or means ==> with, by N de. (22) Conjunctions Soshite -- and Sore kara -- and then Shikashi -- but Keredomo -- however (23) Approximation: godo, hodo/gurai N (point in time) goro. juu-ji goro N (length of time or quantity) hodo. N (length of time or quantity) gurai. juppun hodo juppun gurai sen-en hodo sen-en gurai (24) Action or event in the past ==> V-mashita indicates (1) an action in past tense, (2) an action finished at the moment of speech (present perfect); this difference is shown by adverbs such as kinoo or moo or by context N wa ... V-mashita. ==> when the action is in (1) past tense, the negation is V-masen deshita; when it is (2) present perfect, the negation is mada V-masen or mada desu N wa ... V-masen deshita. Iie, mada V-masen. Iie, mada desu. (25) Adverbs -- 2/4 (3/4 at #90; there is no 1/4) =========================================================== + affirmative predicate + negative predicate ----------------------------------------------------------- mo... already (no) more, (no) longer mada... still (not) yet mettani... seldom, rarely =========================================================== (26) Movement out of N o V. Ie o demasu. Densha o orimasu. (27) Movement into ==> this ni is sometimes used in place of e N ni V. O-furo ni hairimasu. Densha ni norimasu. (28) Walking, flying, passing, and so forth N o V. Kooen o sanpo-shimasu. Honkon o toorimasu. (29) General expression of place of action N de + V Shokudoo de gohan o tabemasu. <== Eat at the dining room. Kyooto de densha ni norimashita. <== Got on the train in Kyoto. (30) Nominal use of the conjunctive form ==> the stem used with -masu is the conjunctive form and can be used as a noun (like the -ing form) Iki wa densha desu. Kyooto-iki no densha. Hajimari wa roku-ji desu. (31) Past tense form of the nominal predicate N1 wa N2 deshita. N1 was N2. N1 wa N2 dewa arimasen deshita. N1 was not N2. (32) Past tense forms of A and NA } NA deshita. N wa } } A-katta desu. ==> negation } NA dewa arimasen deshita. N wa } } A-ku nakatta desu. } A-ku arimasen deshita. (33) Joint actions ==> (do) with N; this N must be animate, typically human N to (V) (34) Purpose ==> used only when the main verb is iku, kuru, or kaeru; for other verbs see #103 N } } ikimasu. } <== go } { } } } } { for... } ni } kimasu. } <== come } { } } } } { in order to... V-stem } } kaerimasu. } <== go home } { Haikingu ni ikimasu. Gohan o tabe ni kaerimasu. (35) Predicative vs. prenominal uses of adjectives ==> most I-adjectives can be used as prenominal modifiers for N as well as sentence predicates (see #6 and #7) but some adjectives take different forms depending on whether they are used as predicates or prenominal modifiers Sono mise wa chikai desu. Chikaku no mise de kaimashita. Tooku no machi // tooi desu Ooku no hito // ooi desu ==> some words are used only as prenominal modifiers for N Tonda eiga -- awful movie Sugureta eiga -- excellent movie (36) Conjunctive particles } ga } } ==> (S1), but (S2). Sentence-1 } } Sentence-2. } } kara } } ==> As/because (S1), (S2). (37) Progressive (or continuous) forms of verbs ==> indicates (1) an action or event in progress (for verbs expressing continous, durative actions or events such as walking, eating, raining); (2) a state resulting from a previous action or event (for verbs expressing instantaneous or momentary events or actions such as beginning -- hajimatte/hajimaru -- or arriving); (3) a particular quality, state, condition, or manner of something (hang -- kakatte/kakaru) ==> When V-te imasu is used to express the speaker's immediate reaction to a particular state of affairs the subject takes ga, not wa ... V-te imasu. ... V-te imashita. Shitte imasu Motte imasu (38) Succession of two or more actions or events ==> did A and B and... ... V-te, (V-te,)... V-masu. ... V-te, (V-te,)... V-mashita. (39) Alternative (or indefinite number of) actions or events ==> did things such as A and B and... ... V-tari,... V-tari shimasu. ... V-tari,... V-tari shimashita. (40) After doing ==> after doing A we did B ==> V-te,... V-te... also indicates the order of events but kara makes it clearer ... V-te kara... Hana o mite kara, oka ni noborimashita. (41) Two levels of speech: polite vs. plain ==> polite: adults who are not close friends, letters ==> plain: family members, classmates, people in similar relationships, books, theses, newspapers, diaries ==> dewa is sometimes contracted to ja or jaa ========================================================================= Polite Plain ------------------------------------------------------------------------- V Present Affirmative tabemasu taberu Negative tabemasen tabenai ----------------------------------------------------------------- Past Affirmative tabemashita tabeta Negative tabemasen deshita tabenakatta ------------------------------------------------------------------------- A Present Affirmative osoi desu osoi Negative osokunai desu osokunai osoku arimasen ----------------------------------------------------------------- Past Affirmative osokatta desu osokatta Negative osokunakatta desu osoku nakatta osoku arimasen deshita ------------------------------------------------------------------------- N/NA Present Affirmative ame desu ame da/ + ame de aru copula Negative ame dewa arimasen ame de nai/ ame dewa nai ----------------------------------------------------------------- Past Affirmative ame deshita ame datta/ ame de atta Negative ame dewa arimasen deshita ame de nakatta/ ame dewa nakatta desu ame dewa nakatta ========================================================================= (42) Conjunction of verbs: three kinds of verbs ==> -masu is the auxiliary expressing the polite style ==> the stem is also called the conjunctive form ==> the plain is also called the dictionary form ==> the plain is conjugated for past, negative, past negative, imperative, volitional, and so forth, exactly as the -masu form ==> Group I stems end in consonants ==> Group II stems end in vowels (e or i) ==================================================================== Stem-masu Plain Negative -te -ta (past) -------------------------------------------------------------------- Group I kak.imasu kak.u kak.anai kai.te kai.ta oyog.imasu oyog.u oyog.anai oyoi.de oyoi.da hanas.himasu hanas.u hanas.anai hanashi.te hanashi.ta yom.imasu yom.u yom.anai yon.de yon.da shin.imasu shin.u shin.anai shin.de shin.da tob.imasu tob.u tob.anai ton.de ton.da mac.himasu mat.su mat.anai mat.te mat.ta nor.imasu nor.u nor.anai not.te not.ta ka.imasu ka(w).u kaw.anai kat.te kat.ta -------------------------------------------------------------------- Group II tabe.masu tabe.ru tabe.nai tabe.te tabe.ta mi.masu mi.ru mi.nai mi.te mi.ta -------------------------------------------------------------------- Irregular shimasu suru shinai shite shita kimasu kuru konai kite kita ==================================================================== (43) Requesting a thing or action N o } <== please give me ... V-te } kudasai. <== please do V-te for me V-(a)naide } <== negative; please do not Matanaide kudasai. <== -te form of matanai (matsu: wait); see verb formations in #42 (44) Order or command ==> a straightforward but still polite order ==> the plain form is more blunt and harsh; form it by adding e to Group I verb stems (mate, kake) and ro to Group II verb stems (tabero, miro); the irregulars are shiro (suru) and koi (kuru) V-stem-nasai. Machi-nasai. (45) Duty or obligation ==> literally: if... do not do... it will not work out V-(a)nakereba narimasen. <== have to do/must do Watashi wa Nara e ikanakereba narimasen. (46) Prohibition V-tewa ikemasen. <== must not do Koko de tabako o suttewa ikemasen. (47) Permission V-temo ii desu. <== it will be all right to do; you may do Koko de tabako o suttemo ii desu. (48) Advice ==> hoo is used like most other nouns but never occurs without being modified by other words or phrases; such nouns are called pseudo-nouns V-ta hoo ga ii desu. <== it would be better if you did V-(a)nai hoo ga ii desu. <== you'd better do (49) Expressions of will, offering, or inviting V-mashoo. <== let us do; I will do V-mashoo ka. <== shall we do; shall I do (50) Phrases and clauses expressing time ==> toki means time but is usually used as a pseudo-noun (see #48) and functions something like the conjunction when; the ni can be omitted because toki is adverbial ==> politeness or past tense need not be observed in the phrase preceding toki because it is a subordinate or dependent clause and politeness and tense are expressed by the sentence-ending predicate ==> the -ta past tense of the subordinate or dependent clause usually shows that the action or event is finished at the time expressed by the main predicate Nippon e kuru toki, kare ga kuukoo made kite-kuremashita. When I came to Japan, he came to the airport to see me off. Nippon e kita toki, kare ga kuukoo made kite-kuremashita. When I came to Japan, he came to the airport to meet me. Kono } } <== (at) this/that time Sono } } <== (at) this/that time Ano } } <== (at) this/that time N no } } <== (at) the time of... NA-na } toki (ni) } <== (at) a... time A-plain } } <== (at) a... time V-plain } } <== when... V-ta } } <== when... has/had done V-te iru } } <== when... is/was doing... Ame no toki -- when it rains Hima-na toki -- when one is not busy (51) Other expressions of temporal relations N no } } <== while; during the time of... } aida } V-te iru } } <== while; during the time of... N no } } } mae (ni) } <== before... V-plain } } N no } } } ato (de) } <== after... V-ta } } (52) Two simultaneous actions V1-stem-nagara V2. <== do (V2) while doing (V1) Terebi o minagara gohan o taberu. (53) as... is ==> this presupposes that the subject is already in a certain state as expressed by V1-ta, A, or some other modifier and performs some action (V2) while maintaining the original state V1-ta mama V2. Watashi wa tatta mama koohi o nomimashita. <== I had been standing and drank my coffee standing. (54) Conjoining adjectival or nominal predicates ==> ... and... ... A-kute,... ... NA de,... ... N de,... Kanojo wa wakakute, kirei desu. <== She is young and pretty. (55) Quoting ==> the verbs of saying, besides (w)-u, include kotae-ru -- answer, reply, hanas-u -- tell, talk, kak-u -- write, happyoo-suru -- announce, make public ==> when N is a third person, it is better to use -te iru rather than the simple present tense; the past tense can be used for any person Taroo wa kaeru to itte imasu. <== Taroo says he is going home. Rajio wa taifuu ga kuru to itte imasu. <== The radio says a typhoon is on its way. } wa... } } N } } to iimasu. } <== N says... } ga... } } (56) Telling what someone thinks ==> the predicate expressing the thought itself is normally plain ==> when the sentence is in present tense the N, unless otherwise specified, is assumed to be the speaker if the sentence is a statement and the listener if the sentence is a question N wa... to omoimasu. (57) Calling or naming ==> when N is an unspecified and indefinite number of people, N wa is omitted and X o changes to X wa (X becomes the topic of the sentence) (N wa) X o Y to iimasu. <== (N) calls X Y. Nipponjin wa kore o hashi to iimasu. Kore wa hashi to iimasu. ==> when introducing oneself, the construction is... Watashi wa NAME to iimasu. or... Watashi wa NAME to mooshi-masu. (Not: Watashi no namae wa NAME desu.) (58) Changing the above pattern into a nominal construction Y to iu X. <== X (which is) called Y. Smith to iu hito. <== A person called Smith. Ohashi to iu mono. <== Something called ohashi. Pisu to iu tabako. <== Cigarettes names Peace. Kore wa nan to iu mono desu ka? <== What is this called? ==> this constructions sometimes is appositive Kinoo watashi wa Taroo ga kekkon-shita to iu sirase o kikimashita. <== Yesterday I heard the news *that* Taro got married. Watashi wa Nippongo o Roomaji-ka shita hoo ga ii to iu iken o motte imasu (or to iu iken desu). <== I have *the opinion that* (or I am *of the opinion*) it is better to Romanize Japanese. Kare wa sensoo ga owatta to iu koto o shiranakatta. <== He did not know *the fact that* the war had ended. (59) Comparing two things (comparative) } A desu. } N1 wa N2 yori } } ==> N1 is more NA than N2. } NA desu. } } A } } N1 to N2 dochira ga } } desu ka? } <== Which is more... N1 or N2? } NA } } } A } } N1 no hoo ga } } desu. } <== N1 is more... } NA } } (60) Comparing three or more things (superlative) ==> X is the set containing N1, N2, N3,... N1 to N2 to N3 to...} } naka } } A } desu. } no } } de N1 ga ichiban } } X } } uchi } } NA } desu. <== } among N1, N2, N3... <== N1 is the most } <== } in X Sue to Sara to Sally no naka de Sara ga ichiban kirei desu. Kono san-nin no naka de dare ga ichiban kirei desu ka? Tokyoo no uchi de Sara ga ichiban kirei desu. (61) Scope or limit N de. Fuji-san wa Nippon de ichiban takai desu. Zenbu de hyaku en desu. (62) Some more expressions of comparison onaji. <== the same ... hodo. <== (to) the extent A-bai <== A times as... as... A-bun no B <== B/A Onaji (gurai) desu. <== They are (about) the same. Konshuuwa senshuu hodo isogashiku arimasen. <== I am not as busy this week as I was last week. Chikyuu no chokkei wa tsuki (no chokkei) no yon-bai desu. <== The diameter of the Earth is four times that of the Moon. Ni-bun no ichi. <== half (han-bun -- 1/2) (63) Expressions of desire or hope ==> hoshii is an A; -tai (want to) is attached to V-stem and then used as an A ==> the object of V-tai (N2) may take either o or ga N1 wa N2 ga hoshii desu. <== N1 wants N2. } (N2 ga) } } N1 wa } } V-tai desu. } <== N1 wants to do... (N2) } (N2 o) } } ==> these predicates like many other adjectives expressing emotion or feeling basically express the speaker's feelings as well as those of a second person in question ==> adjectives of emotion include: ureshii, kanashii, kowai, sabishii ==> to use these forms for a third person, it is not enough simply to substitute the topics... Taroo wa kamera ga hoshii desu. <== WRONG Taroo wa kamera ga hoshii to itte imasu. <== Taro says he wants a camera. Taroo wa kamera o hoshii-gatte imasu. <== Taro is showing signs of wanting a camera. Taroo wa kamera ga hoshii no desu. (64) Expressions of like and dislike } suki } } <== N1 likes N2. N1 wa N2 ga } } desu. } } kirai } } <== N1 dislikes N2. ==> suki and kirai are NA; when used as prenominal modifiers they take the -na form Suki-na tabemono. ==> to express like/dislike... very much attach the prefix dai- Sashimi wa dai-suki desu. ==> N2 ga changes to N1 wa in negative answers and when N2 is contrasted with some other thing O-sake wa suki dewa arimasen. Watashi wa biru wa suki desu ga, o-sake wa suki dewa arimasen. ==> in all N1 wa N2 ga forms, the substitution of N2 wa for N2 ga has the same effect... Watashi wa biru wa hoshii desu ga, o-sake wa hoshiku nai desu. (65) Expressions of intimacy in the sentence-final forms ==> sentence-final forms used in conversations between intimate friends ... no? <== question (usually female) ... wa. <== confirmation (female) ... kai? <== question (male) ... dai? <== question (male) (66) Ability } dekimasu. } <== N1 can do N2. } joozu desu. } <== N1 is good at N2. } heta desu. } <== N1 is poor at N2. N1 wa N2 ga } } } tokui desu. } <== N1 is good at (and likes) N2. } nigate desu. } <== N1 is poor at (and dislikes) N2. } wakarimasu. } <== N1 (can) understand N2. ==> dekimasu is conjugated like other verbs but belongs to a special verb class called stative (state verbs) with many features in common with A or NA; this class includes aru, i.ru (there is, stay), ir.u (need, necessity) ==> stative verbs have no -te iru form since they express state and all, except i.ru (stay) lack the imperative form ==> joozu and heta are NA adjectives Eigo ga joozu-na hito. ==> tokui and nigate are either N or NA Tokui no biru. Tokui na biru. (67) Nominalizing a verb: the use of koto ==> when using a verb where a noun usualy is expected the verb must be made noun-like; the psuedo-noun koto serves this purpose... Eiga wa omoshiroi desu. <== Movies are interesting. Eiga o tsukuru koto wa omoshroi desu. <== To make movies is interesting. Eiga o tsukuru koto wa omoshroi desu. ^^^^^^^ <-- verb ^^^^^^^^^^^^ <-- verb + koto = noun ==> for example, as applied to pattern #64 } suki desu. N1 wa (N2 o) V-plain koto ga } } kirai desu. Watashi wa yama ni noburu koto ga suki desu. <== I like to climb mountains. ==> for example, as applied to pattern #59 } A desu. (N o) V-plain koto wa (N o) V-plain koto yori } } NA desu. Bokushingu o miru koto wa (bokushingu o) suru koto yori omoshiroi desu. ==> for example, as applied to pattern #66 N1 wa (N2 o) V-plain koto ga dekimasu (joozu desu, or similar). Watashi wa Chuugoku-go o yomu koto ga dekimasu. Shikashi, hanasu koto wa dekimasen. (68) Expressions of possession } } arimasu. <== } has } N1 } N2 ga } ooi desu. <== N1 } has many/much } N2. } } sukunai desu. <== } has little/few } ==> this pattern is similar to #12 but differs in several ways: (1) it expresses that somebody or something (N1) possesses something (N2) rather than that there is something at a certain place; N1 here may or may not be a noun of place as in #12 -- it can be a person or abstract being (2) it allows arimasu to be used for an animate noun; compare... Anata wa okusan ga arimasu ka? Ima uchi ni okusan ga arimasu ka? <== WRONG ==> possession can be expressed by the verbal predicate (... o) motte imasu, which may be close to the English have; this expression, however, is not common in daily conversation and is limited to instances where N2 is an inanimate object... Anata wa ima okane o ikura motte imasu ka? (or: Anata wa ima okane o ikura arimasu ka?) Anata wa okusan o motte imasu ka? <== WRONG (69) Expressions of experience N1 wa... V-ta koto ga arimasu. <== N1 has had the experience of V-ing. Tokyoo e itta koto ga arimasu. <== I have been to Tokyo. ==> if the present (plain) form is used in this pattern it means it sometimes happens that... or there are case in which... Kono tokei wa (tokidoki) susumu koto ga arimasu. <== This watch sometimes runs fast. (70) The whole and its part ==> when one selects something (N1) as the topic and then wants to make some comment on a part of N1 or something (N2) belonging to or closely related to N1, the following pattern is used (the predicate is typically, but not necessarily, adjectival)... N1 wa N2 ga... { { ooki desu. ==> } big. { me ga { ==> As for Sara, her eyes are } { { aoi desu. ==> } blue. Sara wa { { nagai desu. ==> } long hair. { kami no ke ga { ==> Sara has } { { kirei desu. ==> } lovely hair. { otoosan ga byooki desu. ==> Sara's father is ill. } hana ga nagai desu. <== As for elephants, their trunks Zoo wa } are long. } ashi ga futoi desu. <== Elephants have fat legs. Kono machi wa koogai ga hidoi desu. Ano hito wa ojiisan ga yuumei-na seiji-ka deshita. Kono jidoosha wa katachi wa ii desu ga, enjin wa warui desu. (71) Passive construction } ni } N1 wa N2 } ni yotte } V-(r)are-ru. <== N1 is V-ed by N2. } kara } Doroboo wa keikan ni tsukamaerareta. <== The thief was caught by the policeman. (Compare the passive to the active... Keikan ga doroboo o tsukamaeta.) ==> this pattern indicates that N1 is affected by N2's action expressed by V ==> the passive form is built by attaching the auxiliary -are- or -rare- to a V-stem; use -are- for Group I verbs and -rare- for Group II; other auxiliary elements such as -masu and -nai are carried over unchanged ==> the agent, the performer of the action (N2 in the above form), takes ni, ni yotte, or kara depending on the type of verb; generally: -- ni is for verbs expressing actions directly affecting an object such as killing, pushing, breaking, chasing -- kara is for verbs expressing directed movement (kara showing origin) such as sending, giving, receiving, ordering -- ni yotte is for most other verbs ==> when the agent is clear, active sentences are more common than passive ==> a passive suffering or passive misfortune form takes intransitive verbs; this form is uniquely Japanese and is used when the subject suffered some loss or trouble because of an event; this form can not be converted to an active form Watashi wa kinoo kaeri ni ame ni furareta. <== I was rained on yesterday on my way home. Kanojo wa kodomo no toki chichi ni shinarete kurooshimashita. <== She was died on by her father when she was a child and had a hard time. (72) Causative construction } } } o } } -ase- } <== N1 makes (lets) N2 do... N1 } wa/ga } N2 } } V } } ru. } } } ni } } -sase- } <== N1 causes N2 to do... Kare wa kodomo ni gohan o tabesasete-imasu. <== He is letting the child eat. (He is feeding the child.) ==> the causative form is built by attaching -ase- to Group I stems and -sase- to Group II stems; suru becomes saseru and kuru becomes kosaseru ==> N2 takes ni when the verb is transitive and either ni or o when it is intransitive ==> the causative is used only when N2 is lower than N1 in status or age or when it is inanimate (for example, -te-morau, see #74) ==> the causative may be combined with the passive and usually implies that the subject is forced to do something against his or her will Otooto wa chichi ni tookyoo e ikaseraremashita. <== My brother was made to go to Tokyo by my father. (73) Verbs of giving and receiving ==> verbs expressing giving and receiving depend on who gives to whom... I gave the teacher a pen. <== Watashi wa sensei ni pen o agemashita. (ageru) The teacher gave me a pen. <== Sensei wa watashi ni pen o kuremashita. (kureru) ==> there is a passive form, mora(w)u Watashi wa sensei ni pen o moraimashita. Watashi wa sensei kara pen o moraimashita. ==> choose the verb by the grammatical persons (first, second, third) of the giver and receiver -- ageru: I/we give something to you/him/her. (1 -> 2/3) You give to him/her. (2 -> 3) He/she gives to him/her. (3 -> 3) -- mora(w)u: I/we receive from you/him/her. (1 <- 2/3) You receive from him/her. (2 <- 3) He/she receives from him/her. (3 <- 3) -- kureru: You/he/she give to me/us. (2/3 -> 1) He/she gives to you. (3 -> 2) ==> choose the verb by the grammatical persons (first, second, third) of the giver and receiver -- tables... ------------------------ ageru/sashiageru ================ (1) (2) (3) (3) ------------------------ x -> y ==> I/we give something to you/him/her. x -> -> y ==> I/we give something to you/him/her. x -> y ==> You give to him/her. x -> y ==> He/she gives to him/her. ------------------------ itadaku/mora(w)u ================ (1) (2) (3) (3) ------------------------ y <- <- x ==> I/we receive from you/him/her. y <- x ==> I/we receive from you/him/her. y <- x ==> You receive from him/her. y <- x ==> He/she receives from him/her. ------------------------ kudasaru/kureru =============== (1) (2) (3) (3) ------------------------ y <- x ==> You/he/she give to me/us. y <- <- x ==> You/he/she give to me/us. y <- x ==> He/she gives to you. ------------------------ ==> these verbs have honorific counterparts used to express special respect -- ageru = sashiageru receiver notably superior to giver in age or status -- mara(w)u = itadaku giver superior to receiver -- kureru = kudasaru giver obviously superior to receiver } agemasu. Giver ga Receiver ni N o } <== gives N. } sashiagemasu. } ni } } moraimasu. <== given N by. Receiver ga Giver } } N o } } kara } } itadakimasu. <== receives N from. } kuremasu. Giver ga Receiver ni N o } <== gives N } kudasaimasu. (74) Expressions of benefactive acts -- giving and receiving acts ==> doing something for someone's benefit is regarded essentially the same as giving a thing to them; verbs expressing giving and receiving are attached, as auxiliaries, to the -te form and used following the rules in #73 Doer ga Receiver ni (... o) V-te agemasu. <== does... for. Watashi wa Taroo ni Eigo o oshiete agemashita. Receiver ga Doer ni (... o) V-te moraimasu. <== Receiver has Doer do... (for Receiver). Watashi wa Taroo ni Nippongo o oshiete moraimashita. Doer ga Receiver ni (... o) V-te kuremasu. <== does... for. Taroo ga watashi ni Nippongo o oshiete kuremashita. (75) Expressions of will or intent: present and volitional -- 1/4 ==> express will or intent using the present affirmative or negative Ikimasuka? Hai, ikimasu. Iie, ikimasen. ==> express will or intent using the volitional form (Group I: ikoo, nomoo, noroo; Group II: tabeyoo, miyoo; irregular: shiyoo, koyoo) Kyooto e ikimashoo. Kyooto e ikoo. Saa, moo neyoo (ka). <== speaker's internal monologue (76) Expressions of will or intent: omoimasu, omotte imasu -- 2/4 ==> omoimasu and omotte imasu differ in that omoimasu indicates the speaker's thoughts at the moment of speech while omotte imasu indicates he/she has had the idea or intension over a longer period of time including the moment of speech ==> the subject of both forms is assumed to be the speaker even if not mentioned ==> the past form can take a third-person subject } to omoimasu. (Watashi wa) V-volitional } <== think will I do; } omotte imasu. am thinking of doing Kaisha o yameyoo to omoimasu. Rainen kuni e kaeroo to omotte imasu. (77) Expressions of will or intent: tsumori desu -- 3/4 (Watashi wa) V-plain tsumori desu. <== I intend to do. Bengoshi ni naru tsumori desu. Ano toki kaisha o yameru tsumori deshita. (78) Expressions of will or intent: summary and comparison -- 4/4 ==> the patterns in #77, #76, and #77 are primarily concerned with the will or intent of the speaker (or the listener if the form is a question) ==> present and volitional forms (#75) express the will or intent of the speaker directly and subjectively ==> patterns #76 and #77 express the will or intent of the speaker as a fact and with a more subjective attitude ==> express a third person's will or intent add such forms as ... to itte imasu <== he/she says that... ... rashii desu <== it seems that... Yamada-san wa kuni e kaeru tsumori da to itte imasu. (79) Expressions of guessing: somewhat certain -- 1/3 ==> present forms of predicates may be used to express the speaker's opinion about what will happen in the future Ashita wa ame desu. Taroo wa kyoo kimasu. ==> when the speaker is less sure, however, add the auxiliary deshoo (daroo in plain form) to the present or past forms of the predicate; if you have N/NA/A + desu, replace desu with deshoo => Adverbs such as tabun and osoraku, meaning maybe and probably, occur often with the deshoo form N } } NA } } deshoo. <== I guess...; Probably... A (present or past) } } V (present or past) } (80) Expressions of guessing: less certain -- 2/3 ==> when the peaker is still less sure or when he/she thinks there is only a slight possibility, use -kamo shiremasen -kamo shirenai in place of deshoo ==> when the sentence ends with -kamo shiremasen, adverbs such as hyotto suru to moshi ka suru to often precede the predicate to indicate the speaker is uncertain about what he is going to state Ashita wa ame kamo shiremasen. <== It might happen that it rains tomorrow. Hyotto suru to ashita wa ame kamo shiremasen. <== It just might rain tomorrow. Taroo wa kita kamo shiremasen. <== It is possible that Taro came. Taroo wa moshi ka suru to kyoo konai kamo shiremasen. <== It just might be possible Taro does not come today. (81) Expressions of guessing: more certain -- 3/3 ==> if the speaker wants to emphasize he/she is quite sure about what he/she is saying, he may add -ni chigai arimasen -ni chigai nai ==> the adverb kitto is very often used with such predicates Ashita wa ame ni chigai arimasen. <== It will rain tomorrow for sure. Ashita wa kitto ame ni chigai arimasen. <== I am certain it will rain tomorrow, no doubt. ==> Adverbs such as kitto, tabun, osoraku, and hyotto suru to are called modal adverbs because they are in agreement with the speaker's mental attitude; they help the listener anticipate what the speaker is going to say, which is always expressed by the final form of the sentence (82) Expressions of ability ==> the idea of someone can do (is able to do) is expressed using form #66 X wa (N o) V-plain koto ga dekimasu. this pattern can be simplified using the potential form... } V-stem-Group-I-e- } X wa } } masu. } V-stem-Group-II-rare- } Watashi wa shinbun o yomu koto ga dekimasu. Watashi wa shinbun ga yomemasu. ==> the potential verb form is inflected just like Group II verbs ==> when a verb takes the potential form, it gains an adjective-like quality so that the (original) object of the verb becomes the subject of the predicate and takes the particle ga rather than o (83) Expressions of spontaneity ==> English expression such as... I can see Mount Fuji from my window. Can you hear me (over the telephone)? Do you understand this? often become in Japanese... Mount Fuji is visible from my window. Is my voice audible? Is this understandable? (Is this clear?) and the verb forms with few exceptions are the potential; ==> they are called spontaneous forms rather than potential, however, because they do not mean that something (Mount Fuji or the voice in the previous examples) has a certain ability to do something but rather that such came about spontaneously or that something had such and such innate property ==> Japanese and English differ strikingly in expressions involving feeling (like, dislike, hate), perception (see, hear, smell), or conception (think, regard); Japanese expresses as the subject what English expresses as object Anata ga suki desu. <== I love you. Kohi ga hoshii desu. <== I want coffee. Ima hyaku-man-en irimasu. <== I need a million yen now. Eigo ga oshieraremasu ka? <== Can you teach English? Kyoo wa Fuji-san ga yoku miemasu. <== We can see Mount Fuji clearly today. Kikoemasu ka? <== Can you hear me? Also examine these expressions... Kono hon wa yoku uremasu. <== This book sells well. Kono naifu wa yoku kiremasen. <== This knife doesn't cut well. Kore ga wakarimasu ka? <== Do you understand this? (84) V-te + auxiliary verbs -- 1/6 V-te aru. <== (V: active, transitive) ==> this form indicates something is in a certain state, but it is different from other stative expressions as it implies the state has been brought about by an unidentified person Doa ni kagi ga kakete arimasu. <== The door is locked. Heya ga totte arimasu. <== There is a room reserved. ==> the form often involves the meaning of being ready (85) V-te + auxiliary verbs -- 2/6 ==> this means to put or leave something in a certain state with the implication that the action is intended as preparation for some future use or occasion V-te oku. <== (V: active, transitive, or intransitive) Denki o tsukete-okimashoo. <== Let's leave the light on (because we are coming back soon (and so forth) Denwa o kakete-oita hoo ga ii desu. <== You'd better call (ahead). (86) V-te + auxiliary verbs -- 3/6 V-te iku. <== do... and go; go... ing Gohan o tabete ikimashoo. <== Let's finish lunch and then go. Kodomo wa hashitte ikimashita. <== The child went running. (87) V-te + auxiliary verbs -- 4/6 V-te kuru. ==> meaning #1: do... and come; come... -ing Gohan o tabete kimashita. <== I ate before I came. Kamera o motte kite kudasai. <== Please bring your camera. ==> meaning #2: event in progress -- toward the speaker Samuku natte kimashita ne. <== It's gotten colder, hasn't it? (88) V-te + auxiliary verbs -- 5/6 V-te shima(w)u. <== bring an action (V) to an end; finish... Ano hon o yonde shimaimashita ka? <== Haven't you finished the book? ==> this form is used mainly to emphasize in one way or another the completion of an action or event, the effect varying depending on the form (past, imperative, volitional, and so forth) and the context Baka-na koto o itte shimatta. <== I have said a foolish thing. Hayaku tabete shimai nasai. <== Come on. Finish up (eating) quickly. Kyoo-juu ni kono shigoto o shite shimaoo. <== Let's finish this work today. (89) V-te + auxiliary verbs -- 6/6 V-te miru. <== do... and see (how it turns out); try... ing and see Ichi-do haite mite kudasai. <== Please try them on (and see if they fit). Yamada-san wa uchi ni iru deshoo ka? <== I wonder if Yamada's at home. Saa... Denwa o kakete mimashoo. <== Who knows? Why don't we call him up (and find out)? (90) Adverbs -- 3/4 (2/4 at #25; there is no 1/4) A-ku } } (+ V) NA-ni } compare to... A-i } } (+ N) NA-na } Samuku narimashita. <== It has gotten cold. compare to... Kyoo wa samui desu. Kanojo wa kirei ni narimashita ne. <== She has gotten pretty, hasn't she? compare to... Kanojo wa kirei desu. Kirei na hito. <== A pretty person (girl). (91) A-ku form used as N ==> some of the -ku (adverbial) adjective forms are used as nouns Gakkoo no chikaku ni sunde imasu. <== I live near (in the neighborhood of) the school. Kane no oto ga tooku kara kikoete kimasu. <== The sound of the bell can be heard from afar. Kono sensoo de ooku no hito ga shinimashita. <== Many people died in the war. ==> note the form: ooi hito ga... (92) Adverbs: onomatopoeia -- 4/4 (2/4 at #25; there is no 1/4) ==> like some other languages, Japanese abounds in what is called onomatopoeia or onomatopoetic words; some are used just to imitate sounds Pan-pan to utta. <== Shot the pistol bang-bang. Inu ga wan-wan to hoeru. <== The dog barks bow-wow. ==> More difficult, however, are those used to describe various manners in which an action or event takes place... hakkiri (to) <== clearly, articulately Motto hakkiri kaite kudasai. <== Please write more clearly. Hakkiri wakarimasen. <== I don't know exactly. yukkuri (to) <== leisurely, without rush, slowly Motto yukkuri hanashite kudasai. <== Please speak more slowly. Doozo yukkuri mite kudasai. <== Please take your time looking at it. don-don <== rapidly, without restraint Bukka ga don-don agarimasu. <== Prices are skyrocketing. Don-don shitsumon shite kudasai. <== Please don't hesitate to ask questions. Yushutsu ga don-don fuete ichi oku en o koemashita. <== Exports increased rapidly, and exceeded 100 million yen. shikkari <== hard, tightly, with precision, without fail Roopu o shikkari musunde kudasai. <== Tie the rope tightly. Shikkari benkyoo shi nasai yo. <== Study hard. (93) Some idiomatic expressions involving onomatopoeia atto iu ma ni <== While I was saying, "Attt!" (Before I could say Jack Robinson; In the wink of an eye) Nippon e kite, atto iu ma ni is-shu-kan tachimashita. <== A week has passed in just a twinkling since I came to Japan. Atto iu ma ni hi wa hirogarimashita. <== The fire spread in a flash. soro-soro Moo soro-soro jikan desu. <== It's about time (to start/end something). (94) Conditional expressions: -tara -- 1/4 ==> form: the past form (see #41) + ra) V-tara,... <== If..., ... A-kattara,... <== When... has done..., ... N dattara,... <== Provided..., ... NA datarra,... <== Provided..., ... Ame ga furimasu. <== It rains. Ame ga futtara, watashi wa ikimasen. <== If it rains, I won't go. Hiru-gohan o tabetara, watashi no heya e kite kudasai. <== When you have eaten lunch, please come to my room. Yasukattara, kaimasu. <== If it is cheap, I will buy it. Gakusei dattara, han-gaku desu. <== It is half-price (there is a fifty-percent discount) if you are a student. ==> the adjective ii (yoi) becomes yokattara (not ikattara) ==> the negative forms... furimasen -> furanai -> furanakattara <== if it doesn't rain samui -> samuku nai -> samuku nakattara <== if it is not cold gakusei da -> gakusei de(wa) nai -> gakusei de nakattara <== if you are not a student (95) Conditional expressions: (r)eba -- 2/4 } (Group I) (Stem +) -eba,... } } (Group II) (Stem +) -reba,... } V } ) } sureba,... } ) kureba,... } ) If..., ... A-kereba,... } N nara,... } NA nara,... } Ame ga fureba, shigoto wa yasumi desu. <== If it rains, there's no work. Nichiyoobi nara, uchi ni imasu. <== If it's Sunday, I will be home. ==> the adjective ii becomes yokereba (not ikereba) (96) Conditional expressions: -to -- 3/4 V } } (If you) do..., then... A } (plain-present) + -to,... } N da } } (If..., then... NA da } } Ano kado o magaruto, yuubin-kyoku ga miemasu. <== If you turn that corner, you'll see a post office. (Turning the corner, you will...) Ni ni ni o tasuto, yon ni narimasu. <== If you add 2 to 2, it will become 4. (2 and 2 makes 4.) (97) Conditional expressions -- comparing the expressions -- 4/4 ==> the meanings covered by -tara, -(r)eba, and -to overlap so much they appear to be synonymous and interchangeable but there are slight differences in nuance and use ==> let A represent the first sentence (clause) ending in one of the conditionals and B represent the consequent sentence (clause) -- A-reba B and A-to B imply B is a necessary or natural consequence of A and therefore these two are used in mathematics, logic, physics, and so forth -- A-tara B implies the speaker is reserving judgment on B and this form is preferred when the whole sentence involves invitation or suggestion (-mashoo), request or order (-te kudasai or -nasai), permission (-temo ii desu), prohibition (-tewa ikemasen), and so forth -- A-tara B is mostly used in spoken Japanese -- A-reba B is rather limited to written Japanese -- A-to B is both spoken and written (98) Using a sentence as a noun modifier ==> in Japanese a modifier always precedes what is modified hon """ <== a book ` """" sono hon ```` """ <== that book ```` """" Nippongo no hon ``````````` """ <== a book in Japanese ` """" ``````````` Watashi no Nippongo no hon `````````````````````` """ <== my book in Japanese `` """" ``````````` Sono akai hyooshi no Nippongo no hon ```````````````````````````````` """ <== that book in Japanese with the red cover ```` """" `````````````````````````````` ==> this general order is maintained even when a noun is modified by what could be a (long, complex) complete sentence Watashi ga kinoo Kyooto de katta hon wa omoshiroi desu. ```````````````````````````````` """ <== The book I bought in Kyoto yesterday is interesting. """""""" ``````````````````````````` Sore wa anata ga kyonen Tai e itta toki katta hon desu ka? ````````````````````````````````````` """ <== Is that the book you bought when you went to """""""" ``````````````````````````` to Thailand last year? ````````````````````` (literally, That, you, last year, Thailand, to, went, time, bought, book, is?) ==> when using a sentence-equivalent as a noun modifier, some adjustments are required (2-4, following) or preferred (5, following)... (1) in the modifying clause, N ga and N no are interchangeable (2) wa, since it indicates the topic of the whole sentence, can not be used within the noun-modifying construction; ga must be used when N is the subject (as is usually the case), and o or ni when N shows the object or location of V Watashi wa hon o katta <== I bought a book // ... watashi ga katta hon <== the book that I bought Kono hon wa watashi no tomodachi ga kakimashita. <== A friend of mine wrote this book. // ... kono hon o kaita watashi no tomodachi <== a friend of mine who wrote this book (3) the predicate of the noun-modifying clause normally takes the plain form since politeness is expressed by the main clause Watashi wa kinoo hon o kaimashita. // Watashi ga kinoo katta hon wa omoshiroi desu. (4) when the predicate of the noun-modifying clause is a NA adjective, it takes the -na form Ano hito wa koohi ga suki desu. // Koohi ga suki-na hito. (5) when the predicate of the noun-modifying clause ends with noun + desu, it changes to N no Ano hito wa byooki desu. // ... byooki no hito (99) Using an interrogative sentence as part of another sentence ==> an interrogative sentence can be used as part of another sentence with the same modifications note in #98, requirements 2 and 3; when it contains no interrogative word (such as nani, doko, dare), however, doo ka must be added to ... ka Kare wa doko e ikimashita ka? <== Where did he go? // Kare ga doko e itta ka anata wa shitte imasu ka? <== Do you know where he went? Kare wa ikimashita ka? <== Did he go? // Kare ga itta ka doo ka watashi wa shirimasen. <== I don't know whether he went or not. (100) The use of koto ==> koto, meaning matter or thing, is used like any other noun Kore wa daiji-na koto desu. <== This is an important matter. Watashi ga/no itta koto o oboete imasu ka? <== Do you remember what I said? ==> koto also is used as a pseudo-noun whose function is to give a noun-like quality to a verb (as seen in #67) as well as to other types of predicates; it thus can nominalize a sentence (change a sentence into a noun clause) Sentence + koto <== That (Sentence) A: Kinoo asoko de kaji ga arimashita. <== There was a fire there yesterday. B: Anata wa sore o shitte imasu ka? <== Do you know that? // Anata wa kinoo asoko de kaji ga atta koto o shitte imasu ka? <== Do you know that there was a fire there yesterday? ==> the necessary (or preferred) modifications in using a sentence as a noun modifier (see #98, 1,2,3,5) generally apply here ==> note, however, point 4 of #98... N desu changes to N de aru (koto) or N desu changes to N da to iu (koto) and NOT N no (koto) <== WRONG ==> the pseudo-noun koto is also used in the following fixed form } shimasu. <== I have decided to... V-plain koto ni } } narimasu. <== It is decided to... Watashi wa moo ichi-nen Nippon ni iru koto ni shimashita. Moo ichi-nen Nippon ni iru koto ni narimashita. (101) The use of no ==> no sometime plays the same role as koto Anata wa kinoo asoko de kaji ga atta koto/no o shitte imasu ka? Koko de tabako o suu koto/no wa kiken desu. ==> no cannot replace koto when koto is used in certain fixed or idiomatic forms such as... ... koto ga dekimasu ... koto ga arimasu ... koto ni shimasu ... koto ni narimasu ==> no can be used in an emphatic construction ... no wa... desu. <== it is... that... Kare wa kyo-nen Indo e ikimashita. <== He went to India last year. // Kyo-nen Indo e itta no wa kare desu. <== It is he who went to India last year. // Kara ga Indo e itta no wa kyo-nen desu. <== It was last year that he went to India. ==> no can be used as the object of perception } mimasu. N ga/no V no o } kikimasu. <== see/hear/perception-verb N doing... } other perception verbs. Watashi wa hen-na otoko ga heya kara dete-kuru no o mimashita. <== I saw a strange man come (coming) out opf the room. ==> no can be used in an explanatory sentence; when the speaker intends to explain a reason, cause, or circumstance, the predicate is followed by no desu Sentence + no/n desu. A: Anata wa kinoo kimasendeshita ne. <== You didn't come yesterday. B: Hai, kuni kara haha ga kita no desu. <== (That was because) Mother came to visit me yesterday. A: Doo shita no/n desu ka? <== What is the matter? B: Kesa kakra atama ga itai no/n desu. <== I've had a headache since this morning. (102) The use of tokoro ==> tokoro as an ordinary noun mean place Otokoro wa doko desu ka? Koko wa Sara ga umareta tokoro desu. <== This is the place where Sara was born. ==> tokoro also can be a pseudo-noun in some forms, where it means a certain point in time or a certain point in a process V-plain + tokoro desu. <== be about to... (at this moment). Ima ginkoo e iku tokoro desu. <== I am on my way to the bank. V-past + tokoro desu. <== have just finished... -ing now. Ima anata ni denwa o kaketa tokoro desu. <== I have just phoned you. V-te iru tokoro desu. <== I am in the process of... -ing. Ima rokuon shite iru tokoro desu. <== I am recording now. (103) The use of tame (ni) ==> reason or cause Kinoo kaminari ga ochita tame ni teiden ni narimashita. <== There was a power failure because of the lightening yesterday. ==> purpose Kekkon-suru tame ni okane o tamete imasu. <== I am saving money (in order) to get married. // Gohan o tabe ni ikimasu/kimasu/kaerimasu. (see #34) (104) The use of hodo as a pseudo-noun Kare wa anata ga iu hodo warui ningen dewa arimasen. <== He is not so bad a person as you say he is. Kyooto wa Oosaka hodo ookiku nai desu. <== Kyoto is not as large as Osaka. A: Anata wa Nippongo ga joozu desu ne. <== You speak very good Japanese. B: Iie, sore hodo dewa arimasen. <== No, not all that much (not to the extent that you praise me). ==> hodo preceded by the conditional -(r)eba form (see #95) forms the following fixed form Predicate (-(r)eba) + Predicate (plain-form) hodo... <== the more..., the more... Hayakereba hayai hodo ii desu. <== The earlier, the better. Kangaereba kangaeru hodo wakaranaku narimasu. <== the more I think about it, the more difficult it is to understand. (105) The use of toori Watashi ga iu toori ni kaite kudasai. <== Please write it as I say it. A: Kore wa mina ga iu hodo kantan-na mondai dewa arimasen. <== This is not so simple a problem as everyone says it is. B: Sono toori desu. <== That's right. (106) -tte: a contraction in informal conversation O-mikoshi-tte nan desu ka? // O-mikoshi to iu (mo)no wa nan desu ka? <== What is omikoshi, anyway? Yamada-san, kyoo kuru-tte. // Yamada-san wa kyoo kuru to itte imasu. <== Yamada says he will come today. (107) The use of the pseudo-noun hazu ==> this form indicates the speaker supposes that something is a certain way and has a reason for supposing so. } <== It is supposed to be that... Sentence + hazu desu. } } <== It should be that... ==> negative form } arimasen. Sentence + hazu ga/wa } } nai. Marisa wa kyoo konai hazu desu. <== I don't suppose Marisa will come today. (the previous sentence means the speaker thinks Marisa is not coming because, for instance, she told him so, he knows she is on vacation, ill, or so forth) Ima denwa shitara, kare wa uchi ni iru hazu desu. <== If you call him, he should be at home. A: Shuppatsu wa ashita desu ka? <== Is your departure tomorrow? B: Hai, sono hazu desu. <== Yes, it is supposed to be. (108) The use of the pseudo-noun wake ==> reason Kare wa naze anna-niokotte iru no desu ka? <== Why is he so angry? Anata wa sono wake o shitte imasu ka? <== Do you know why? combine these two sentences... // Kare ga anna-ni okotte iru wake o anata wa shitte imasu ka? <== Do you know why he is so angry? ==> explaining the situation; in this context wake is interchangeable with hazu Sentence + wake desu. Kanojo wa go-nen mo Nippon ni ita no dakara, Nippongo ga joozu-na wake da. <== She has been in Japan for five years. No wonder (that's the reason) she is fluent in Japanese. Kaisha ga gappei-shite kara, shigoto ga amari omoshiroku arimasen. Kuni no haha byooki desu shi, kanai mo kuni ni kaeri-tai to itte imasu. Sonna wake de, kuni e kaeru koto ni shimashita. <== Since my company merged, I haven't been very happy with my work. My mother is ill at home, and my wife says she wants to go home. Thus (the circumstances being such), I have decided to go home. ==> example of using wake and hazu Rai-getsu shuppatsu no hazu deshita ga, is-shuukan hayaku nairmashita. Sorede awatete iru wake desu. <== My departure was supposed to be next month, but it has been moved up a week. That's why I am in such a rush. (109) The use of noni ==> noni = In spite of the fact that... ==> N/NA desu + noni becomes N/NA na noni Watashi ga kawanai hoo ga ii to itta noni, kare wa sono kamera o katte-shimatte, komatte imasu. <== Although (even though) I had told him he should not buy it, he went ahead and bought the camera anyway. (110) Presumption or estimation based upon an observation ==> note that: (...)nai becomes (...)na-sasoo. ii becomes yo-sasoo V-stem } } } looks like... A-stem } + -soo desu. } <== It } looks... NA-stem } } } appears... N no yoo desu. Ame ga furisoo desu. <== It looks like rain. Himo ga kiresoo desu. <== The string looks like it's going to break. Kono ringo wa oishisoo desu ne. <== This apple looks delicious, doesn't it? Kono eiga wa amari omoshirosoo dewa arimasen ne. <== This movie doesn't look very interesting, does it? Are wa shachoo no yoo desu ne. <== That man looks like the boss. (111) Hearsay Sentence + soo desu. <== I hear that...; They say that... Ame ga furu soo desu. <== They (newspaper, radio, so forth) say it will rain. Shinbun ni yoruto, ano eiga wa taihen ii soo desu. <== According to the newspaper, that movie is very good. (112) Appearance V-present/past } A-present/past } } + rashii desu. <== It seems that...; NA } It appears that... N } ==> ... rashii desu is ambiguous in that it is not clear whether the speaker makes that statement (of presumption or estimation) based on his/her own observation or based on information he/she got from some other source Ame ga furu rashii desu ne. <== It seems that it's going to rain. Ame ga futta rashii desu ne. <== (Since the road is wet) it looks like it rained. ==> compare... N rashii desu N no yoo desu both mean looks like... or N seems/appears to be..., but N no yoo desu can mean N seems to be... but really is not Kanojo wa (maru de) tobi-uo no yoo desu. Kanojo wa (maru de) tobi-uo mitai desu. (slightly colloquial) <== She is just like a flying fish. N rashii can not be used in this descriptive way (113) Other use of yoo V-present/past } A-present/past } + yoo-na/-ni... <== In the manner of...; NA-na/datta } Like...; N no/datta } Just like... Kanojo wa tobi-uo no yo-ni hayaku oyogu. <== She swimms as fast as a flying fish. Anata ga itta yoo-ni, are wa muzukashii shigoto deshita. <== As you said, that was tough work. (114) Idiomatic expressions: ... ga suru -- 1/2 } aji } } taste } (yoo-na) } nioi } ga shimasu <== have a } smell } like... } kanji } } feeling/impression } } ki } } mind/feeling } A: Sono suupu wa donna aji ga shimasu ka? <== What does the soup taste like? B: Henna/ii/kusuri no yoo-na aji ga shimasu. <== It tastes strange/good/like medicine. Kono kudamono wa kawatta/kusatte-iru yoo-na banana no nioi ga shimasu. <== This fruit smells strange/rotten/like a banana. Ano hito to hanashite iruto, robotto to hanashite iru yoo-na kanji ga shimasu. <== When I talk with him I feel as if I am talking to a robot. Kyoo wa kaisha e iku ki ga shinai. <== I don't feel like going to work today. (115) Idiomatic expressions: ... shite iru -- 2/2 } katachi } } shape } (yoo-na) } iro } o shite imasu <== have a } color } of/that... } kao } } face/look } } kakkoo } } appearance } Ano tatemono wa omoshiroi katachi o shite imasu. <== That building has an interesting shape. Anata wa aoi kao o shite imasu ne. <== You look pale. Sono otoko wa kojiki no yoo-na kakkoo o shite imashita. <== That man was dressed like a beggar. (116) A remark on omission ==> Japanese allows great freedom to omit sentence elements. The speaker can leave out what he/she believes is known or understood by the hearer in a dialog between two persons where each share common situations or interests; this often creates forms that may look illogical or strange if literally translated... Shutchoo wa tsukaremasu. <== Business trips are (things that make me) tired. Sore wa komarimasu. <== It is (something that will cause me to be) troubled. ==> see #117 for a form regarded as a typical condensation (117) N wa N desu as condensed predicates ==> the simplest sentence forms are capable of containing virtually all kinds of predicates whose meanings depend entirely upon the previous statement or situation... A: Watashi wa tenpura o tabemasu. Anata wa? B: Watashi wa sushi desu. (Watashi wa sushi o tabemasu.) A: Watashi wa Haneda kara shuppatsu shimasu. B: Soo desu ka. Watashi wa Itami desu. A: Uchi no musuko wa rai-nen Tookyoo Daigaku o ukemasu. B: Soo desu ka. Uchi wa Keioo desu (118) The system of honorifics ==> Japanese has an intricate system of honorific forms used to express the speaker's respect for the person mentioned in the sentence ==> o- or go- attached to a noun referring to a person or a thing belonging to the person is such a form; these prefixes can be attached to adjectives as well when they show the state of the person the speaker is respecting; generally, attach o- to native Japanese nouns or adjectives and go- to Chinese-origin nouns or adjectives Anata no otosan no go-iken wa doo desu ka? Imooto-san wa o-kirei desu ne. ==> verbs also take honorific forms when the speakers wants to express respect for the person performing the action ==> honorific verbs are formed in two general ways (1) using the passive form (see #71) (2) using the pattern o-/go-V-stem ni narimasu Yamada-san ga kore o kakimashita. <== neutral // Yamada-san ga kore o kakaremashita. <== passive // Yamada-san ga kore o o-kaki ni narimashita. <== o- Ano hito wa nani o kenkyuu shite imasu ka? <== neutral // Ano hito wa nani o kenkyuu-sarete imasu ka? <== passive // ano hito wa nani o go-kenkyuu ni natte imasu ka? <== go- ==> some honorific verbs, common in daily conversation, have little formal similarity with their neutral counterparts... ========================================= Neutral Honorific ----------------------------------------- ikimasu } kimasu } irasshaimasu; oide ni narimasu imasu } iimasu osshaimasu mimasu go-ran ni narimasu taberu meshiagaru (you eat) ----------------------------------------- (119) The humble forms ==> the speaker can express respect not only with honorific forms but also with humble verb forms to refer to him/herself and other members of his/her group, which serves to elevate others by lowering oneself ==> most frequently used humble forms include... ============================================================== Neutral Humble Use -------------------------------------------------------------- agemasu sashiagemasu iimasu mooshimasu Watashi wa Jon to mooshimasu. ikimasu } mairimasu Moo ichido mairimasu. kimasu } imasu orimasu iu mooshimasu kikimasu } ukugamasu (to ask) } uketamawarimsu (to listen) mimasu } haiken shimasu } haiken itashimasu nomimasu itadakimasu shimasu itashimasu shiru zonjirimasu tabemasu itadakimasu (I eat) -------------------------------------------------------------- (120) Additional remarks ==> distinguish honorific and humble forms from polite and plain styles (see #41) although all are related to the speaker's intention to be polite ==> in the polite style politeness is always directed to the person spoken to, while in honorific or humble forms it is directed to the particular person mentioned in the sentence who may or may not be the listener Ano hito wa soo itta. } // Ano hito wa soo osshatta. } <== He said so. Ano hito wa soo iimashita. } // Ano hito wa soo osshaimashita. } ---------- Patterns 3 -- Basic Japanese Sentence Patterns (Chino) ---------- ==================================== Part 1: Noun and Adjective Sentences ==================================== ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 1 -- Basic Patterns 1-3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 1 Noun Sentence N1 wa N2 desu. ==> N1 is N2. Basic Pattern 2 Adjective Sentence N wa Adj desu. ==> N is Adj. Basic Pattern 3 Adjective Modifying the Subject I-adj1 N1 wa N2 / I-adj2 desu. ==> Adj N is N / Adj. Na-adj1 N1 wa N2 / Na-adj2 desu. ==> Adj N is N / Adj. Variation 1 Noun Sentence with mo after the Subject N1 mo N2 desu. ==> N1 also is N2. Variation 2 Adjective Sentence with mo after the Subject N mo Adj desu. ==> N also is Adj. Variation 3 Noun Sentence in Past Tense N1 wa N2 deshita. ==> N1 was N2. Variation 4 I-adjective and Na-adjective, sentences in past tense N wa I-adj (past tense) desu. ==> N was Adj. N wa Na-adj deshita. ==> N was Adj. Variation 5 Noun and Adjective Sentences as Questions N1 wa N2 desu ka. ==> Is N1 N2? N wa I-adj desu ka. ==> Is N Adj? Variation 6 Questions with Interrogative Words N wa Interrog desu ka. ==> Interrog is N? Variation 7 N2 desu ka, N3 desu ka as predicate in questions N1 wa N2 desu ka, N3 desu ka. ==> Is N1 N2 or N3? N wa Adj1 desu ka, Adj2 desu ka. ==> Is N Adj1 or Adj2? Variation 8 Negative Noun and Adjective Sentences N1 wa N2 dewa arimasen / dewa arimasen deshita. ==> N1 is / was not N2. N wa I-adj-ku nai / -ku nakatta desu. ==> N is / was not Adj. N wa Na-adj dewa arimasen / dewa arimasen deshita. ==> N is / was not Adj. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 2 -- Basic Patterns 4-5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 4 Noun Sentences with N2 no N3 as Predicate N1 wa N2 no N3 desu. ==> N1 is N2's N3. Variation 1 Noun Sentence with N2 no as Predicate N1 wa N2 no desu. ==> N1 is N2's. Variation 2 Noun and Adjective Sentences with N1 no N2 as Subject N1 no N2 wa N3 desu. ==> N1's N2 is N3. N1 no N2 wa Adj desu. ==> N1's N2 is Adj. Basic Pattern 5 Noun Sentence with N2 to N3 as Predicate N1 wa N2 to N3 desu. ==> N1 is N2 and N3. Variation 1 Noun and Adjective Sentence with N1 to N2 as Subject N1 to N2 wa N3 desu. ==> N1 and N2 are N3. N1 to N2 wa Adj desu. ==> N1 and N2 are Adj. Variation 2 Two Noun Sentences Connected by de N1 wa N2 de, N3 wa N4 desu. ==> N1 is N2, and N3 is N4. Variation 3 Adjective Sentence with Adj1 te/de Adj2 as Predicate N wa Adj1 -te / de Adj2 desu. ==> N is Adj1 and Adj2. Variation 4 Adjective Sentence with Adjectives Connected by shi/da shi N wa Adj1 shi / da shi, Adj2 desu. ==> N is Adj1 and also Adj2. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 3 -- Basic Patterns 6-14 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 6 Adjective Sentence with Topic (wa) and Subject (ga) N1 wa N2 ga Adj desu. ==> Concerning N1, N2 is Adj. Basic Pattern 7 Adjective Sentences with Topic / Subject and shi/da shi N1 wa N2 mo Adj1 shi / da shi N3 mo Adj2 desu. ==> Concerning N1, N2 is Adj1, and N3 is Adj2. Basic Pattern 8 Adjective Sentences Connected by ga/da ga N1 wa N2 wa Adj1 ga / da ga N3 wa Adj2 desu. ==> Concerning N1, N2 is Adj1, but N3 is Adj2. Basic Pattern 9 Adjective Sentences Connected by te/de N1 wa Adj1 -te / de (N2 wa) Adj2 desu. ==> N1 is Adj1, and / so N2 is Adj2. Basic Pattern 10 Noun Sentence with the Subject Omitted (N1 wa) N2 desu. ==> (N1 is) N2. Basic Pattern 11 Adjective Question with dochira and Answer with ho 1) N1 to N2 to dochira ga Adj desu ka. ==> Which one is Adj, N1 or N2? 2) N1 (N2) no ho ga Adj desu. ==> N1 (N2) is Adj. Variation 1 Adjective Sentence Stating Preference with ho and yori N1 no ho ga N2 yori Adj desu. ==> N1 is more Adj than N2. Basic Pattern 12 Adjective Question with dore and Answer with ichiban 1) N1 to N2 to N3 no naka de, dore ga ichiban Adj desu ka. ==> Among N1, N2, and N3, which is the most Adj? 2) N1 (N2 / N3) ga ichiban Adj desu. ==> N1 (N2 / N3) is the most Adj. Basic Pattern 13 Adjective Sentence Indicating Equality with onaji kurai N1 wa N2 to onaji kurai (Adj) desu. ==> N1 is about the same (Adj) as N2. Basic Pattern 14 Adjective Sentence Indicating Inequality with hodo ... nai N1 wa N2 hodo I-adj-ku nai desu / Na-adj dewa arimasen. ==> N1 is not as much Adj as N2. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 4 -- Basic Patterns 15-17 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 15 Subjunctive Adjective Sentence with tara/dattara N1 wa / ga Adj1 -tara / dattara Adj2 desu. ==> If N1 is Adj1, then Adj2. Variation 1 Subjunctive Adjective Sentence with to/da to N wa / ga Adj1 to / da to Adj2 desu. ==> It is Adj2 if N is Adj1. Variation 2 Subjunctive I-adjective Sentence with kereba N wa / ga I-adj-kereba Adj desu. ==> It is Adj if N is Adj. Variation 3 Subjunctive Adjective Sentence with nara N1 wa / ga Adj1 / N2 nara Adj2 desu. ==> It is Adj2 if N1 is Adj1 / N2. Basic Pattern 16 Adjective Sentence about Appearance with -so N wa Adj-so desu. ==> N looks like Adj. Variation 1 Negative Adjective Sentence about Appearance with -so N wa Adj-so dewa arimasen. ==> N doesn't look like Adj. Basic Pattern 17 Adjective Sentence Indicating Hearsay with so N wa Adj so / da so desu. ==> They say N is Adj. Variation 1 Negative Adjective Sentence Indicating Hearsay with so 1) N wa I-adj-ku nai so desu. ==> They say N isn't Adj. 2) N wa Na-adj dewa nai so desu. ==> They say N isn't Adj. Variation 2 Conjectural Noun and Adjective Sentences with daro to omoimasu N1 wa N2 / Adj daro to omoimasu. ==> I think N1 is N2 / Adj. ====================== Part 2: Verb Sentences ====================== ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 1 -- Basic Pattern 18 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 18 Verbs of Existence for Inanimate and Animate Objects 1) N ga V (arimasu). ==> N exists. 2) N ga V (imasu). ==> N exists. Variation 1 Verbs of Existence with mo after the Subject 1) N mo V (arimasu). ==> N also exists. 2) N mo V (imasu). ==> N also exists. Variation 2 Verbs of Existence in Questions 1) N ga V (arimasu) ka. ==> Does N exist? 2) N ga V (imasu) ka. ==> Does N exist? Variation 3 Verbs of Existence with Interrogatives 1) Interrog ka V (arimasu) ka. ==> Does any Interrog exist? 2) Interrog ka V (imasu) ka. ==> Does any Interrog exist? Variation 4 Verbs of Existence in the Negative 1) N ga / wa V (arimasen). ==> N does not exist. 2) N ga / wa V (imasen). ==> N does not exist. Variation 5 Negative Verbs of Existence with mo after the Subject 1) N mo V (arimasen). ==> There isn't any N. 2) N mo V (imasen). ==> There isn't any N. Variation 6 Verbs of Existence in the Past Tense 1a) N ga V (arimashita). ==> N existed. 1b) N ga V (imashita). ==> N existed. 2a) N ga V (arimasen deshita). ==> N did not exist. 2b) N ga V (imasen deshita). ==> N did not exist. Variation 7 Verbs of Existence with Place (ni) and Subject 1) N1 ni N2 ga V (arimasu). ==> N2 is at (on, in, under etc.) N1. 2) N1 ni N2 ga V (imasu). ==> N2 is at (on, in, under etc.) N1. Variation 8 Verbs of Existence with Subject and Place (ni) 1) N1 wa N2 ni V (arimasu). ==> N1 is at (on, in, under etc.) N2. 2) N1 wa N2 ni V (imasu). ==> N1 is at (on, in, under etc.) N2. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 2 -- Basic Patterns 19-22 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 19 V-masu Sentence in the Present / Future Tense N wa V-masu. ==> N does V. / N will do V. Variation 1 V-masu Sentence with mo after the Subject N mo V-masu. ==> N also does V. / N also will do V. Variation 2 V-masu Sentence as Question N wa V-masu ka. ==> Does N V? / Will N V? Variation 3 V-masu Sentence in the Negative N wa V-masen. ==> N does not V. / N will not V. Variation 4 V-masu Sentence in the Past Tense N wa V-mashita. ==> N did V. Basic Pattern 20 Time Indicated by ni N1 wa N2 ni V-masu. ==> N1 does V at N2. / N1 will do V at N2. Basic Pattern 21 Direction of Movement Indicated by ni/e N1 wa N2 e / ni V-masu. ==> N1 goes to N2. / N1 will go to N2. Variation 1 Time (ni) and Movement (ni/e) N1 wa N2 ni N3 e / ni V-masu. ==> N1 goes to N3 at N2. / N1 will go to N3 at N2. Basic Pattern 22 Direct Object Indicated by o N1 wa N2 o V-masu. ==> N1 V's / will V N2. Variation 1 Direct Object (o) and Location (de) N1 wa N2 de N3 o V-masu. ==> N1 V's / will V N3 at N2. Variation 2 Time (ni), Location (de), and Direct Object (o) N1 wa N2 ni N3 de N4 o V-masu. ==> N1 V's / will V N4 at N2 in N3. Variation 3 Purpose of V-masu Verb Indicated by ni N1 wa N2 o V1 ni V2-masu. ==> N1 V2's / will V2 in order to V1 N2. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 3 -- Basic Patterns 23-27 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 23 Te imasu Showing Action in Progress N wa V-te imasu. ==> N is doing V. Variation 1 Te imasu Showing Regular or Habitual Action N wa V-te imasu. ==> N is doing / does V (on a regular basis). Variation 2 Te imasu Showing an Unintentional State or Condition N wa V-te imasu. ==> N is in the condition of V. Variation 3 Te arimasu Showing an Intentional State or Condition N ga V-te arimasu. ==> N has been put in the state of V. Basic Pattern 24 Te Form Indicating Successive Actions N wa V1-te, V2-te, V3-masu. ==> N does V1, V2, and V3. Variation 1 Te kara Indicating One Action Occurs after Another N wa V1-te kara V2-masu. ==> N does / will do V2 after V1. Variation 2 Mae ni Indicating One Action Occurs before Another N wa V1 mae ni V2-masu. ==> N does / will do V2 before V1. Basic Pattern 25 Te kudasai for a Polite Request V-te kudasai. ==> Please do V. Variation 1 Nai de kudasai for a Negative Polite Request V-nai de kudasai. ==> Please don't do V. Variation 2 Te kudasaimasen ka for a Polite Request V-te kudasaimasen ka. ==> Would you please do V? Variation 3 Te itadakemasen ka for a Polite Request V-te itadakemasen ka. ==> Would you mind doing V? Variation 4 Te hoshii for a Request V-te hoshii n' desu ga. ==> I would like to have V. Basic Pattern 26 Requesting Permission with te mo ii desu ka (N wa) V -te mo ii desu ka. ==> Is it all right if N does V? Variation 1 Requesting Permission with te mo kamaimasen ka (N wa) V-te mo kamaimasen ka. ==> Do you mind if N does V? Basic Pattern 27 Saying "Shouldn't" with te wa ikemasen (N wa) V-te wa ikemasen. ==> You shouldn't do V. Variation 1 Expression Prohibition with dame desu (N wa) V-te wa dame desu. ==> You can't do V. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 4 -- Basic Patterns 28-29 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~```~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 28 Giving with agemasu N1 wa N2 ni N3 o V (agemasu). ==> N1 gives N3 to N2. Variation 1 Receiving with moraimasu N1 wa N2 kara / ni N3 o V (moraimasu). ==> N1 receives N3 from N2. Variation 2 Giving with kuremasu N1 wa N2 ni N3 o V (kuremasu). ==> N1 gives N3 to N2. Basic Pattern 29 Doing Something for Another with te agemasu N1 wa N2 ni N3 o V (-te agemasu). ==> N1 does N3 for N2. Variation 1 Being the Recipient of an Action with te moraimasu N1 wa N2 ni / kara N3 o V (-te moraimasu). ==> N1 receives N3 from N2. Variation 2 Giving with te kuremasu N1 wa N2 ni N3 o V (-te kuremasu). ==> N1 does N3 for N2. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 5 -- Basic Patterns 30-41 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 30 Inviting with V-masen ka (N wa) V-masen ka. ==> Won't you do V (with me)? Basic Pattern 31 Inviting with V-masho V-masho. ==> Let's do V. Variation 1 Inviting with V-masho ka V-masho ka. ==> Shall we do V? Basic Pattern 32 Showing Intention with tsumori N wa V tsumori desu. ==> N intends to do V. Variation 1 Showing Negative Intention with V-nai tsumori N wa V-nai tsumori desu. ==> N intends not to do V. Basic Pattern 33 Showing Intention with V-yo to omoimasu N wa V-yo (ou) to omoimasu. ==> N is thinking of doing V. Basic Pattern 34 Expressing a Desire with V-tai N wa V-tai desu. ==> N wants to do V. Variation 1 Expressing a Desire with V-tai to omoimasu/omotte imasu N wa V-tai to omoimasu / omotte imasu. ==> N would like to do V. Basic Pattern 35 Expressing Ability with V koto ga dekimasu N wa V koto ga dekimasu. ==> N can do V. Basic Pattern 36 Expressing Ability with V (potential)-masu N wa V(potential)-masu. ==> N can do V. Basic Pattern 37 Becoming Able with V(potential) yo ni narimasu / narimashita N1 wa N2 ga V (potential) yo ni narimasu/ narimashita. ==> N1 becomes / became able to V N2. Variation 1 Commencing an Action with V yo ni narimasu/narimashita N wa V yo ni narimasu / narimashita. ==> N starts / started to do V. Variation 2 Avoiding an Action with V-nai yo ni V-masu N wa V1-nai yo ni V2-masu. ==> N does V2 in order not to do V1. Basic Pattern 38 Stating Previous Experience (V-ta koto ga arimasu) N wa V-ta koto ga arimasu. ==> N has had the experience of doing V. Basic Pattern 39 Indicating Habitual Action with V koto ga/mo arimasu N wa V koto ga / mo arimasu. ==> N occasionally does V. Variation 1 Indicating Habitual Actions with V-tari V-tari shimasu N wa V1-tari V2-tari shimasu. ==> Sometimes N does V1 or V2 or the like. Basic Pattern 40 Offering Advice with V-ta ho ga ii/yokatta N wa V-ta ho ga ii / yokatta desu. ==> You should do / should have done V. Variation l Offering Advice with V-nai ho ga ii/yokatta N wa V-nai ho ga ii / yokatta desu. ==> You shouldn't do / shouldn't have done V. Basic Pattern 41 Doing Things in Advance with V-te okimasu N wa V-te okimasu. ==> N does V beforehand. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 6 -- Basic Patterns 42-46 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 42 Expressing Duty and Necessity with V-nakereba narimasen/ ikemasen N wa V-nakereba narimasen / ikemasen. ==> N must do V. Basic Pattern 43 Expressing Duty and Necessity with V-nakute mo ii/kamaimasen N wa V-nakute mo ii desu / kamaimasen. ==> N doesn't have to do V. Basic Pattern 44 Verb Modifying Noun (V N) N1 wa V N2 desu. ==> N1 is N2 who does V. Variation 1 Negative Verb Modifying Noun (V-nai N) N1 wa V-nai N2 desu. ==> N1 is N2 who doesn't do V. Basic Pattern 45 Expressing Hearsay with V so N ga / wa V so desu. ==> It is said that N does V. Variation l Expressing Negative Hearsay with V-nai so N ga / wa V-nai so desu. ==> It is said that N does not do V. Basic Pattern 46 Conjecturing and Making Suppositions with V-so N ga / wa V-so desu. ==> N looks as though it might V. Variation 1 Conjecturing and Making Suppositions with V yo N ga / wa V yo desu. ==> N seems as though it will do V. Variation 2 Conjecturing and Making Suppositions with V rashii N ga / wa V rashii desu. ==> N seems to be V. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 7 -- Basic Pattern 47 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 47 The Subjunctive with V-tara (Moshi) N1 ga V1-tara (N2 wa) N3 desu / V2-masu. ==> If N1 does V1, (N2) is N3 / does V2. Variation 1 The Subjunctive with V-ba (Moshi) N1 ga V1-ba (N2 wa) N3 desu / V2-masu. ==> If N1 does V1, (N2) is N3 / does V2. Variation 2 The Subjunctive with to (N1 wa/ga) V1 to (N2 wa/ga) N3 desu / V2-masu. ==> If N1 does V1, N2 is N3 / does V2. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 8 -- Basic Patterns 48-50 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Basic Pattern 48 Direct Passive (N ni [transitive] V[passive]-masu) N1 wa N2 ni V(passive)-masu. ==> N1 is V-ed by N2. Variation 1 Indirect Passive (N ni [intransitive] V[passive]-masu) N1 wa N2 ni V(passive)-masu. ==> N1 is V-ed by N2. Variation 2 Suffering Passive (N ni N o [transitive] V[passive]-masu) N1 wa N2 ni N3 o V(passive)-masu. ==> N1 is V-ed N3 by N2. Basic Pattern 49 Causative with N o/ni V(causative)-masu N1 wa / ga N2 o / ni V(causative)-masu. ==> N1 makes N2 do V. Variation 1 Causative with N o/ni N o V(causative)-masu N1 wa / ga N2 o / ni N3 o V(causative)-masu. ==> N1 makes N2 do V N3. Basic Pattern 50 Causative Passive with N ni V(causative-passive)-masu N1 wa N2 ni V(causative-passive)-masu. ==> N1 is made to do V by N2. Variation 1 Causative Passive with N ni N o V(causative-passive)-masu N1 wa N2 ni N3 o V(causative-passive)-masu. ==> N1 is made to do V N3 by N2.